Statement on Sphere Authority, Worship, and COVID-19 Quarantines

Download the original statement PDF.

In late 2019 and early 2020, a novel strain of coronavirus (designated “COVID-19”) spread rapidly across the world, soon becoming a pandemic that posed significant risks to the health and lives of many people. As a result, national, state, and local governments initiated quarantines and stay-at-home orders on an unprecedented scale. In submission to these decrees, and in a desire to protect the lives of their members and communities, many churches, including the churches of Evangel Presbytery, decided to cancel all in-person services and functions for an extended time.

In the context of these governmental orders, and the social and economic upheavals that followed, many discussions arose throughout the evangelical and Reformed world about the appropriateness, extent, and even legitimacy of such orders, and more broadly the nature of ecclesiastical and civil authority in God’s economy. It is from this context that the following statement arose; we trust it will help provide wisdom and application in the days and years to come.

Whatever title then men may hold, they are to be listened to only on the condition that they do not lead us away from obeying God. So we must examine all their traditions by the rule of the Word of God. We must obey princes and others who are in authority, but only in so far as they do not deny to God His rightful authority as the supreme King, Father, and Lord.

According to the Word of God, the only infallible rule of faith and practice, all authority is delegated by God (Matt. 28:18; Rom. 13:1b). Thus the Christian is under obligation to God to honor and obey those God has placed over him. God’s Word says, “Whoever resists authority has opposed the ordinance of God” (Rom. 13:2a). The sovereignty of God, therefore, is the essential source of all authority among men.

These authorities appointed by God have jurisdiction in three spheres, exercising familial authority, civil authority, and ecclesiastical (church) authority. Each sphere has some territory it claims sovereignty over which is uncontested by the other spheres, some it acknowledges sharing with the other spheres, and some territory it claims sovereignty over which the other spheres contest or deny.

Familial authorities (husbands, fathers, mothers) preside over the household while civil authorities (employers, councilors, military officers, police officers, public officials, governors, kings, presidents) preside over the city gate and church authorities (pastors, elders, deacons) preside over the Church. While it is a long-established principle of tradition, law, and wisdom that the authorities presiding over each of these spheres should, so far as possible, avoid intermeddling in the other spheres, one man’s duty is another man’s intermeddling and another man’s oppression. Thus, much of the history of the Western world is an account of conflicts over and between these spheres’ authorities and the ways one or another of the three spheres has thrown its weight behind another sphere in its conflict with the third sphere.

As to this Christian doctrine of sphere authority as it pertains to civil authorities, Scripture says:

Every person is to be in subjection to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those which exist are established by God. Therefore whoever resists authority has opposed the ordinance of God; and they who have opposed will receive condemnation upon themselves. For rulers are not a cause of fear for good behavior, but for evil. Do you want to have no fear of authority? Do what is good and you will have praise from the same; for it is a minister of God to you for good. But if you do what is evil, be afraid; for it does not bear the sword for nothing; for it is a minister of God, an avenger who brings wrath on the one who practices evil. Therefore it is necessary to be in subjection, not only because of wrath, but also for conscience’ sake. For because of this you also pay taxes, for rulers are servants of God, devoting themselves to this very thing. Render to all what is due them: tax to whom tax is due; custom to whom custom; fear to whom fear; honor to whom honor (Romans 13:1-8).

Submit yourselves for the Lord’s sake to every human institution, whether to a king as the one in authority, or to governors as sent by him for the punishment of evildoers and the praise of those who do right. For such is the will of God that by doing right you may silence the ignorance of foolish men. Act as free men, and do not use your freedom as a covering for evil, but use it as bondslaves of God. Honor all people, love the brotherhood, fear God, honor the king (1 Peter 2:13-17).

As it pertains to familial authorities, Scripture says:

Wives, be subject to your own husbands, as to the Lord (Ephesians 5:22).

Honor your father and your mother, that your days may be prolonged in the land which the

LORD your God gives you (Exodus 20:12).

And as it pertains to Church authorities, Scripture says:

“I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; and whatever you bind on earth shall have been bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall have been loosed in heaven”

(Matt. 16:19).

Obey your leaders and submit to them, for they keep watch over your souls as those who will give an account (Hebrews 13:17).

Some believe, speak, and act as if the boundaries between these spheres are easily seen and maintained such that, for instance, the exercise of authority inside the home is none of the business of civil or church authorities, the exercise of authority in the civil realm is none of the business of church or familial authorities, and the exercise of authority in the church is none of the business of civil or familial authorities.

Not true. For instance, fathers and mothers are accountable, principally to civil, but also to church authorities, for violence committed within their home. Pastors and elders are accountable both to familial and civil authorities for sexual sin and crimes committed within their church-house or during church activities. Civil authorities are accountable both to familial and church authorities for failing to protect worship from suppression through violence or police action. There are endless such examples that could be listed, but the point to be acknowledged is that, whether that authority recognizes it or not, each sphere is accountable to the other two spheres for its exercise of authority when that exercise is inimical to the well-being and proper function of one or both of the other spheres.

Even so, there are boundaries which limit the authority of each sphere. God has limited the Church to enforcing Her authority through the administration of sacraments, moral suasion, and excommunication, whereas He has granted the civil authority the sword to enforce its authority. God has denied familial authority the administration of the sacraments and the sword in the enforcement of its authority, but granted fathers and mothers corporal punishment of children as well as instruction and moral suasion.

Exercising the power of the sword, the civil authority has authority to protect life through quarantine.

As a general law of neutral applicability, a quarantine at times interferes incidentally with the worship of God. This incidental interference in itself does not necessarily exceed the civil sphere’s authority as long as it is understood to be temporary and localized, lasting no longer and extending no farther than the conditions that gave rise to it.

Yet, through a protracted, extensive, and comprehensive quarantine whose sway over the lives of the people is nearly absolute, the civil sphere does exceed its authority. When a sphere exceeds its authority and acts ultra vires , its acts are void. Even for acts that are void from the beginning or become void over time, familial and ecclesiastical spheres must approach the proper response thereto through prayer, wisdom, humility, and honor, if not exact obedience, to the civil sphere.

One exercise of ultra vires power in the current crisis is a declaration from the civil sphere that the church is an essential or inessential entity. The civil sphere has no authority to confer or withhold essential status regarding an institution that God Himself ordained for the gathering in, sanctification, and protection of His people. Instead of the word “status,” prior generations would have used “station,” a word that communicates solidity, dignity, and a God-ordained assignment of an individual or institution.

Of course, the civil authority might recognize the church as essential in the same way it would recognize any other truth declared by God, but such recognition does not “create” the truth or confer the station. And it should never be understood to do so. No one creates the moon by observing it.

When the civil authority assigns essential status to the church as it would to any number of nonprofits, businesses, or social gatherings, it has arrogated to itself authority not delegated by God. It communicates to the public things that are untrue. The church, to use another legal expression, is sui generis . The church is an institution of God so unique, so long-standing, and so destined for the blessed and eternal work of worshiping God that to describe it as just another “business,” “nonprofit,” “social gathering,” or “religious entity” is to subject the church and Her Head, Jesus

Christ, to abject denigration.

This isn’t to say the civil sphere’s quarantine must exempt the church. But it is to say there are limits to its authority. No reasonable person would claim the civil sphere has authority to quarantine its people, including the church, in perpetuity. The question becomes what period less than perpetuity and what conditions would render a quarantine ultra vires at the point of interfering with the duties of the familial and ecclesiastical spheres in their worship of God? More broadly, what period of quarantine and what conditions are inimical to the well-being and proper function of the familial sphere and ecclesiastical sphere?

Given the unprecedented crisis and worldwide quarantine that has proceeded for several months, with some signs in some quarters of indefinite continuation, it is proper for the familial sphere and ecclesiastical sphere to consider how far their obligations of obedience to the civil sphere extend in the matter of worship. In other words, the civil sphere has no authority to render the familial and ecclesiastical spheres so deteriorated and prostrate under quarantine they have no ability to fulfill their God-given duties which themselves are spiritually necessary and thus life-sustaining since man lives not by bread alone.

There is no strict formula possible to answer the question for each sphere in each locale laboring under various levels of quarantine stringency and infectious risk. With wisdom and prayer and a humble posture, the familial shepherd and ecclesiastical shepherd must assess the condition of the flock under their respective care and the condition and risk of the open pasture. If those flocks are languishing because of lack of physical food or spiritual food or are at risk of wandering away from the fold towards the cliff, then the shepherd must see to it that the sheep are fed and protected, obeying the civil authority where possible, and disobeying where such obedience would cause them to disobey God. It is hoped that such shepherds exercised submission to the civil authority, modeling it for the sheep, when the crisis was in its early stages and no one knew the degree to which a clear and present danger existed.

May God have mercy on us, forgive our sins, and lift this judgment from our land.

Notes

1. Calvin, John, Commentary on Acts, vol. 1 ( Christian Classics Ethereal Library ), ccel.org/ccel/calvin/calcom36/calcom36.xi.iv.html.
2. Kuyper, Abraham, “Calvinism and Politics,” in Lectures on Calvinism , (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1953), 90.
3. Westminster Larger Catechism: “ Q. 124. Who are meant by father and mother in the fifth commandment? By father and mother, in the fifth commandment, are meant, not only natural parents, but all superiors in age and gifts; and especially such as, by God’s ordinance, are over us in place of authority, whether in family, church, or commonwealth.”
4. Westminster Confession of Faith 25.3: “ Unto this catholic and visible Church Christ hath given the ministry, oracles, and ordinances of God, for the gathering and perfecting of the saints, in this life, to the end of the world: and doth, by His own presence and Spirit, according to His promise, make them effectual thereunto.”
5. Westminster Confession of Faith 23.1: “ God, the Supreme Lord and King of all the world, hath ordained civil magistrates, to be, under Him, over the people, for His own glory, and the public good: and, to this end, hath armed them with the power of the sword, for the defense and encouragement of them that are good, and for the punishment of evil doers.”
6. Westminster Confession of Faith 27.4 : “There be only two sacraments ordained by Christ our Lord in the Gospel; that is to say, Baptism, and the Supper of the Lord: neither of which may be dispensed by any, but by a minister of the Word lawfully ordained.”
7. Westminster Larger Catechism: “ Q. 129. What is required of superiors towards their inferiors? It is required of superiors, according to that power they receive from God, and that relation wherein they stand, to love, pray for, and bless their inferiors; to instruct, counsel, and admonish them; countenancing, commending, and rewarding such as do well; and discountenancing, reproving, and chastising such as do ill; protecting, and providing for them all things necessary for soul and body: and by grave, wise, holy, and exemplary carriage, to procure glory to God, honor to themselves, and so to preserve that authority which God has put upon them.”
8. Calvin writes, “If [the civil magistrates] command anything against [the King of Kings], let it go unesteemed.” Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion , 4.20.32. William Blackstone recognizes that (1) revealed law is “infinitely” more authoritative than natural law; (2) both are “foundations” of human laws; and (3) “no human laws should be suffered to contradict” them: The doctrines thus delivered we call the revealed or divine law, and they are to be found only in the holy scriptures. These precepts, when revealed, are found upon comparison to be really a part of the original law of nature, as they tend in all their consequences to man’s felicity. But we are not from thence to conclude that the knowledge of these truths was attainable by reason, in its present corrupted state; since we find that, until they were revealed, they were hid from the wisdom of ages. As then the moral precepts of this law are indeed of the same original with those of the law of nature, so their intrinsic obligation is of equal strength and perpetuity. Yet undoubtedly the revealed law is (humanly speaking) of infinitely more authority than what we generally call the natural law. Because one is the law of nature, expressly declared so to be by God himself; the other is only what, by the assistance of human reason, we imagine to be that law. If we could be as certain of the latter as we are of the former, both would have an equal authority; but, till then, they can never be put in any competition together. UPON these two foundations, the law of nature and the law of revelation, depend all human laws; that is to say, no human laws should be suffered to contradict these. William Blackstone, 1 Commentaries *42.
9. Calvin writes, “If anything in a public ordinance requires amendment, let [private citizens] not raise a tumult, or put their hand to the task—all of them ought to keep their hands bound in this respect—but let them commit the matter to the judgment of the magistrate, whose hand alone here is free. I mean, let them not venture on anything without a command.” Calvin, Institutes , 4.20.23.
10. Westminster Confession of Faith 23.3: “ Civil magistrates may not assume to themselves the administration of the Word and sacraments; or the power of the keys of the kingdom of heaven; or, in the least, interfere in matters of faith. Yet, as nursing fathers, it is the duty of civil magistrates to protect the Church of our common Lord, without giving the preference to any denomination of Christians above the rest, in such a manner that all ecclesiastical persons whatever shall enjoy the full, free, and unquestioned liberty of discharging every part of their sacred functions, without violence or danger. And, as Jesus Christ hath appointed a regular government and discipline in His Church, no law of any commonwealth should interfere with, let, or hinder, the due exercise thereof, among the voluntary members of any denomination of Christians, according to their own profession and belief. It is the duty of civil magistrates to protect the person and good name of all their people, in such an effectual manner as that no person be suffered, either upon pretense of religion or of infidelity, to offer any indignity, violence, abuse, or injury to any other person whatsoever: and to take order, that all religious and ecclesiastical assemblies be held without molestation or disturbance.”

Conscience and COVID-19 Vaccine Mandates

In Defense of Sphere Authority — adopted October 8, 2021, by Evangel Presbytery.

Download the original statement PDF.

Executive Summary

God is the source of all human authority, which He divides into three spheres: familial (or individual), ecclesiastical, and civil. Each sphere benefits when it honors the others and observes the boundaries established by God between them.

Over the last eighteen months, COVID-19 and the civil authority’s responses to it have intensified already deepening discord between these spheres. Our government has supplied ever-changing information and introduced extreme countermeasures which it claims are justified by science. However, while science serves well as a counselor to the civil authority, it must also be weighed prudently with the adverse consequences of countermeasures. Under the current circumstances, it is our judgment that COVID-19 health risks and the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines do not justify the recent vaccine mandates decreed by the civil government, and that such mandates exceed the civil government’s God-ordained jurisdiction. The decision whether or not to receive a COVID-19 vaccine properly rests with the conscience of the individual or of the father and mother for their children.

While we acknowledge the right of an individual to conscientiously object to this intrusion on individual authority, we do so noting that there is no Biblical requirement always to refuse compliance to a command from an authority who oversteps his bounds. In this vein, ecclesiastical authorities who revile the civil authorities, or who bind consciences by requiring disobedience to various COVID-19 mandates, dishonor God and commit a correspondingly serious overreach of authority. The decision to comply with or disregard a vaccine mandate must be done seeking wisdom from God, soberly counting the cost, and with all possible respect to the governing authorities.

Preface

As the Everlasting Sovereign, God is the source of all authority in the created order (Matt. 28:18; Col. 2:10b). All authority flows from Him, and He delegates it to whom He will (Dan. 4:17, 25, 32; Rom. 13:1). God has granted this authority to three distinct domains, or spheres: the familial, the ecclesiastical, and the civil. As we said in a previous statement, each sphere has its own ministers raised up by God, and each has differing but overlapping and complementary duties.

The boundaries demarcating each sphere overlap and are often unclear. Some duties (e.g., care for children) pertain to multiple spheres, and so we must not be wooden in our understanding of this doctrine. Even so, each sphere should seek to avoid unjustifiable encroachments on the others. Indeed, each sphere should seek to honor and protect the authority of the others.

Yet deference to each sphere’s ministers is not absolute (Acts 5:29; Matt. 22:20–22). Ministers of any sphere must not command what God has forbidden, nor forbid what God has commanded. When a husband forbids his wife from attending Christian worship, she must obey God rather than man. When a pastor requires his parishioner to deny the Holy Trinity, that parishioner must not comply. Throughout Scripture, we see examples of such conscientious disobedience, including, for example, the Hebrew midwives’ refusal to kill the newborn baby boys, and Jonathan’s protection of David from Saul, his father and king. Today, soldiers must not intentionally target civilians when commanded to do so. Pastors must not comply with hate crime laws forbidding condemnation of sodomy. Doctors and pharmacists must not prescribe abortifacient drugs when healthcare authorities command them to do so. Nurses must not starve patients by withholding food and water when commanded to do so by the patient’s family, physician, or a judge. In such cases, again, we too “must obey God rather than men” (Acts 5:29).

Not all situations are as clear. God has invested each sphere with overlapping areas of jurisdiction that make careful parsing of duties and responsibilities difficult. Moreover, given the Fall’s corruption, we expect each sphere regularly to overreach in its claims of authority. Such claims may be out of a desire for accumulation of power, or even from a desire for good. In all such overreaching, it is the responsibility of the other two spheres to check such abuse of authority, calling those ministers who have abused their authority back to faithfulness to their own God-given duties—including the limitations He has placed on them.

Present Context

The responses of the last year and a half to the COVID pandemic present a variety of tests of the integrity of these spheres. As pastors and elders, we have observed this with dismay. In the midst of a dispensation of judgment from God’s hand, we, His people, have given ourselves to complaining and railing, rather than repentance. We have rent our masks, but not our hearts ( Joel 2:13); we have turned to anger, and not to the Lord. Further, in our leadership of God’s people, our responses to civil authorities’ COVID mandates have tended toward acquiescence or rebellion. For their part, civil authorities have not shown the proper fear of God or respect for the authorities God has ordained over the family and church. Church authorities have refused to bear the weight of their office in judging and resisting either the failures of civil authorities’ exercise of their office or the disrespect and rebellion of the angry sheep of our congregations. As church fathers, we lament these failures of both ecclesiastical and civil authorities.

Causes of COVID Turmoil

The current unrest is not new, but has grown over years and has a number of causes. Civil governments in the Western World have taken actions which have alienated the trust of many of their citizens. The present preeminence, if not dominance, of the executive and judicial branches over the legislative branch has completely inverted the system established by our Founders. Contrary to the Constitution, the growing power and presence of the federal government has caused a parallel diminishment of the authority of state and local governments. As laws and decrees have proliferated, the bureaucracy needed for implementation has also grown, and so has the dependence of elected officials on unelected officials to be the interface between civil authorities and their citizens. All these factors have caused much of the populace to become resistant to the consolidation of authority at the federal level, away from the fathers, elders, county officials, and state magistrates who have the closest understanding and sympathy for their citizens.

The past few decades have led to a growing societal division along political and cultural lines. This division has been aggravated by a media predisposed toward progressive culture, the increasing prevalence of social media, and the rise of identity politics, all stoking envy and resentment between members of the body politic. Such divisions became front and center in the election of President Trump. Unable to contain their fury, major figures in the political, academic, and media world labeled the 2016 election fraudulent, and believed themselves justified in taking action to invalidate his presidency. For the large proportion of Americans who supported President Trump, such evident and pronounced disdain for their president revealed disdain for the electorate who put him in office.

Into this maelstrom COVID arrived, and it has intensified already-present difficulties between civil authorities and their citizens. One of the civil authority’s chief duties is to protect the lives of his citizens. And indeed, many of the actions taken by the civil authorities during the current pandemic have been proper exercises of authority in fulfillment of this duty. For example, quarantines, as a general law of neutral applicability, have been the civil magistrate’s purview throughout history (and in Scripture). Court cases throughout U.S. history have recognized impositions upon civil liberties as justified in cases of pandemic. Vaccine mandates, too, are nothing new in the Western World. They have been justifiably implemented to protect citizens from destructive and deadly disease. To some extent, then, the prophylactic measures taken in recent months have resembled those taken in other previous pandemics such as smallpox, the Spanish flu, and polio.

Yet other factors have been markedly different. From the beginning, civil authorities’ messaging and actions in response to COVID have seemed conflicting and inconsistent. In large part, this is understandable. COVID has presented scientists and policymakers with a completely new virus. Moreover, many citizens have not taken into account how scientific advancement is a series of fits and starts, trials and failures, and conflicting studies and data. Knowing this, one can understand why civil magistrates have acted in ways inconsistent and changeable, perhaps even illogical. But in a political climate where half the population has been predisposed to distrust the civil authorities elected by the other half, the constantly evolving nature of civil authorities’ guidance and decrees has confirmed the fears of many concerning the integrity of their civil authorities. Add to this the cavalier attitudes and practices in the personal and social lives of elected officials toward the travel bans, social distancing mandates, and mask requirements which they themselves instituted, and it’s hard to counter the charges of hypocrisy widely leveled against them.

After an initial period in which the public was willing to bear the burden of governmental constraints in response to a novel epidemic, their concerns have since only grown. At times, health mandates for churches required stricter standards for social distancing and assembly than other non-religious places of assembly. What seemed to be public health officers’ initial goal of simply “flattening the curve” appears to be evolving into a commitment to bear any societal cost in order to eliminate COVID entirely. Citizens’ concerns over the vaccines have been widely scorned. Confident pronouncements about the dangers of COVID, the effectiveness of vaccines, and the growth in hospitalizations and death rates have regularly changed, yet there have not been parallel admissions by health officers or elected officials of the seriousness of these changes, nor of how much is still unknown about this disease. There has been an obvious absence of sensitivity toward the religious concerns of those maintaining their conscientious objection to the ubiquitous use of fetal cell lines in the testing and production of the vaccines. Dissent has been met by medical, civil, and tech authorities banning opinions and individuals from social media. Tech titans, the media, and elected officials (predominantly from one political party) have cooperated in silencing public disagreement, often citing the latest opinions of medical experts even as these experts are in the process of reversing their opinions. Far from protecting freedom of speech in the public square, the authorities have been complicit in silencing the dissent of a large proportion of their citizens.

Science and the Civil Magistrate

During the COVID pandemic, one of the most frequent exhortations given by civil authorities has been, “Follow the science.” There is much truth in this. The scientific method has been one of the most valuable tools God’s kindness has awakened in man. For centuries, Christians have been among the foremost scientists. Those who honor the Creator embrace the fundamental precept that the fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge (Prov. 1:7). But God—in what theologians refer to as “common grace”—has also given many gifts to and through those who deny Him. Whether in government, the academy, the arts, or medicine, those who refuse to acknowledge and praise their Creator nevertheless contribute knowledge and expertise that improve the lives of their fellow man. Members of Congress, college professors, violinists, and epidemiologists—all are means of God’s common grace being showered upon mankind, and all of us alike give thanks for their work and contributions to the public wellbeing. Particularly in the field of medicine, the contributions of science have averted much suffering and saved countless lives. Rather than rejecting facts that do not accord with our own presumptions or prejudices, Christians acknowledge that all truth is God’s truth, and is God’s kind provision not only for the City of Man, but also for the City of God.

Still, science is no magistrate. It is simply the magistrate’s handmaid. God has given science the ability to explain much about the world, but science is unable to tell us why it is so or what our response should be. With respect to the civil sphere, it is not the prerogative of science to pronounce what is wise, or to make policy. At its best, science can only provide facts and theories. Knowing that an apple dropped falls tells one nothing about whether the apple should be dropped.

The Magistrate’s Burden of Judgment Concerning COVID

Concerning COVID, science may serve as a counselor to the civil authority, but science may not usurp the civil authority’s duty of decreeing public health policies and mandates. Many studies of COVID provide useful data, but neither the studies nor those with research expertise may substitute for the magistrate’s own judgment and decision. Certainly the magistrate is to consider the statistical prevalence of death and bodily harm, but this is only the beginning of his work. He must go on to weigh the consequences of his subjective policy responses and countermeasures, including those which may adversely affect the familial and ecclesiastical spheres. This judgment is his responsibility, and he must not abdicate or obfuscate this duty by claiming “science requires” this or that policy or mandate.

Moreover, making such a judgment requires the magistrate to weigh carefully three matters: (1) the risks posed by COVID, (2) the potential benefits of COVID countermeasures, and (3) any potential harm (particularly restrictions in liberty) that might attend those countermeasures. Some countermeasures (such as mask mandates) are less harmful, creating a lower level of restrictions on familial, ecclesiastical, and personal liberties. Other countermeasures (such as vaccine mandates) are potentially more harmful, coercing citizens’ submission to an invasive medical procedure which goes to the heart of individual liberty. Vaccine mandates thus require reasonable evidence of broad and unambiguous benefits to the lives of those subject to the civil authority’s mandating them. Such broad and unambiguous benefits were present in the past when civil authorities mandated vaccines for diseases such as smallpox and polio, which threatened to kill or maim upwards of 30% of the population. Mandates have also been deemed acceptable when a specific vaccine was judged capable of eradicating a serious disease. In such cases, vaccine mandates have been proper, but this is not the case with COVID vaccines. Thus far, our civil authorities have not demonstrated that COVID is a disease whose threat is similar to these others, nor that the vaccines currently available are capable of eradicating this virus.

We judge the severe curtailing of liberty entailed by COVID vaccine mandates by governing authorities to be unjustified. Furthermore, such mandates will cause a continued decline in the consent of the governed, and this at a time when that consent has already become attenuated across the last six years.

With respect, we appeal to our civil authorities to temper their decisions concerning vaccines with the recognition that they have great potential to serve as an assault on the other spheres God has ordained. We doubt our civil magistrates understand the harmful effects of their masking policies, lockdown policies, and social distancing upon the familial and ecclesiastical spheres. Civil authorities contemplating vaccine mandates must stop and consider that it is fathers and mothers who are primarily responsible for the spiritual, emotional, and physical care of their families, by God’s decree. Civil authorities must recognize there has been significant spiritual harm caused the past year and a half by COVID mandates, including particularly lockdowns so disruptive of normal social contact. Also by God’s decree, ecclesiastical officers are responsible for the spiritual wellbeing of the souls under their authority, and these too have suffered significant harm from COVID’s long-term disruptions to religious assembly, worship, and fellowship.

If civil authorities continue to demonstrate a lack of familiarity and concern, remaining unresponsive toward such duties and responsibilities delegated by God to familial and ecclesiastical authorities, we can expect further erosion of respect for civil authorities among those they govern. This bodes ill for the future health and peace of our civil union.

Civil authorities have not met the appropriate level of proof to justify the level of intrusion within these spheres. Yet vaccine mandates have been implemented and more mandates are on the table, threatening a much higher level of intrusion in these spheres. While it may be true that for some to decline vaccination means others will be harmed, it is our judgment that the rates of fatality and serious illness from this epidemic do not justify the harm compulsory vaccination would cause. In our judgment, decisions concerning whether or not to be vaccinated against COVID should be made at the familial and individual level. They should not be made for the individual by city, county, or state authorities—let alone the federal government.

Decisions in such a controverted matter properly reside with fathers, mothers, and individuals. They should be made on the lowest level of authority possible, the better to take into account unique familial and personal circumstances. It belongs to fathers, mothers, and individuals to make these decisions themselves, soberly and after reflecting on the requirements of God’s Sixth Commandment, “You shall not murder” (Exod. 20:13).

An Appeal for Reasoned and Prudent Judgments

Finally, as ministers of the ecclesiastical sphere that is Christ’s Church, we appeal to the civil authorities not to subvert their own God-given authority by shortsighted and imprudent decisions. In other words, the civil magistrate must not undermine his authority by making arbitrary or capricious judgments which contribute to the decline of trust, respect, and submission in those he leads. Such loss of trust and its fruit of rebellion has become increasingly evident in the body politic the past six years, and COVID public health policies and mandates have only fanned the flames.

While we—as Christians called to honor and submit to our civil authorities—would be pleased to be able to agree with the sermon of our Founding Father John Witherspoon in believing the magistrates’ intentions to be better than their actions, many of Witherspoon’s fellow Christians today assume the worst of their civil magistrates, and are now declaring commitment to civil disobedience the test of Biblical orthodoxy. Such a time requires sensitivity, sympathy, and love on the part of the people toward those who lead them and on the part of the leader toward those God has delegated authority to as their ruler. Every instance where the civil authority manipulates data, oversells a vaccine, undervalues another treatment, or tries to squelch dissenting voices necessarily contributes to a further loss of credibility in the eyes of those he governs. Every time he oversteps his bounds, and without proper justification impinges upon the authorities of the familial and ecclesiastical spheres, he makes himself more distrusted, if not contemptible, in the eyes of those he is called by God to care for and protect. And each degree to which the magistrate arrogates power on dubious grounds is one further degree where his subjects will oppose his authority in other areas even when it is exercised justifiably.

Rebellion against authority is unacceptable in the sight of God, yet so are draconian measures that precipitate it. And so in our judgment, the Church must now call the civil magistrate back from exceeding its jurisdiction in imposing COVID vaccine mandates. Whether to vaccinate in this present instance is a decision that belongs properly to the individual and to parents of minor children. Since Nuremberg in particular, the necessity of consent for medical treatment has been well understood morally and legally. The exceptions that exist have clear and compelling reasons. No such clear and compelling reasons exist today with COVID, and the refusal of large portions of the populace to be vaccinated should be expected. Thus, this overreach is not one of the many lesser ways that civil magistrates may overreach, where Christian deference for authority leads to submission in spite of an authority being unreasonable. Rather, it is an abuse that undermines the central authority of heads of households and arrogates that authority to the civil magistrate to whom it does not, in this present instance, belong. It is impossible to overstate the danger of normalizing the removal of medical decisions from their appropriate sphere and placing them in the hands of a government which—it must be carefully noted—rejects the sanctity of life of those not able to defend themselves, promoting the slaughter of unborn children and the starvation of the handicapped, the elderly, and the feeble; and which denies the scientific truth related to the sexes revealed in our bodies.

Accordingly, it is our judgment that no man is conscience-bound either to comply with or to refuse a COVID vaccine mandate placed on him by his civil or church authorities when he is sincerely convinced that mandate violates his conscience as a parent or individual. We can conceive of this judgment changing if the prevalence or morbidity of COVID and its variants, or the long-term efficacy of vaccines, were to significantly shift, but at this point in time, we assert the preeminence of familial and individual authority with regard to submission or dissent over COVID vaccine mandates.

Some indeed may decline COVID vaccines because their conscience requires it. Yet note: this is a high bar. To be bound by conscience to disregard a mandate is not the same as disagreeing with or objecting to the magistrate’s right to institute it; nor is it the same as fearing its long-term political trajectory or health risks. Rather, it is to be convinced that it is a sin to comply with it. It must also be said that the conscience is neither pristine, nor innocent, but fallen and fallible ( Jer. 17:9). Making wise decisions requires the conscience to be educated in truth and knowledge.

Christians who therefore refuse vaccine mandates on the principle of following conscience and protecting sphere authority must do so recognizing there is no Biblical requirement always to refuse compliance to a command from an authority who oversteps his bounds. Indeed, Christ Himself alternatingly complied or refused to comply with an overstepping authority, depending on the circumstances ( John 10:39; 18:7–11). Thus, contrary to the understanding of many today, resisting tyranny is not always obedience to God. In all but the most severe cases, obedience and disobedience are matters of wisdom.

In fact, Jesus’ harshest condemnations were not of political tyrants, but of religious tyrants. He chastised religious leaders who “tie up heavy burdens and lay them on men’s shoulders, but they themselves are unwilling to move them with so much as a finger. But they do all their deeds to be noticed by men” (Matt. 23:4–5). We warn those who insist Christians must not comply with vaccine or mask mandates (simply because those mandates are overreaching) that they themselves must not overreach their own ecclesiastical authority, trampling on the authority delegated by God to parents of households and individuals. To deny that the father, business owner, or session is free to make decisions about their buildings, homes, and families in this way is to respond to overstepping of authority by the civil magistrate by overstepping authority in our positions as church officers.

The man choosing to disobey a vaccine mandate for conscience’s sake must also count the cost, recognizing that the various consequences he may suffer (e.g., being disallowed from restaurants, losing a job, or losing income) ought to be endured patiently, without reviling or threatening, trusting God to vindicate him (1 Peter 2:18–23). He must also consider whether refusing vaccine mandates puts himself or others at unreasonable risk of harm—even if the level of that harm does not justify a government vaccine mandate.

On the other hand, the Christian should remember that, as Witherspoon said in his sermon on the American Revolution, “The knowledge of God and his truths have from the beginning of the world been chiefly, if not entirely, confined to those parts of the earth, where some degree of liberty and political justice were to be seen, and great were the difficulties with which they had to struggle from the imperfection of human society, and the unjust decisions of usurped authority. There is not a single instance in history in which civil liberty was lost, and religious liberty preserved entire.”

Conclusion

The Christian always seeks to sustain God’s economy, which is to sustain God’s spheres of authority. We do not seek to undermine any authority, including that of the civil magistrate, but rather to preserve it by calling it away from actions that are coercive and counterproductive. For the father, the elder, and the civil magistrate have all been delegated their authority by God. To harm or diminish another sphere’s authority is no gain to any authority, but a loss to all. In truth, authority is not, as we imagine, a zero-sum game, but rather the opposite. God lost no authority by delegating it. In His economy, the proper exercise of any authority by one minister in his sphere does not diminish, but rather enhances, the authority of the other spheres.

We appeal to the civil magistrate not to overstep his bounds set by God. We appeal to him to respect the family and the church as colaborers toward a common goal, and to dignify his authority by acting wisely and with restraint as a fellow minister of the Lord of all the earth. If, indeed, we as Christians must resist the civil authority, it is our obligation to do so not from libertarian notions of autonomy, nor from a desire to avenge the wrongs of the past, nor from the wrath of man that accomplishes not the salvation of God ( James 1:20). Rather, it is from our aim and purpose to honor God, with each member of society exercising his gifts: fathers that rule with love and tenderness, elders that keep watch over the souls of their sheep, and magistrates that protect the lives of their people, with wisdom and fear of God.

On Judgment Day, each of us will stand before God’s Judgment Seat to render an account of the stewardship of His authority delegated to us for the good of those He has placed under our protection.

Background

At its stated meeting on August 19, 2021, the session of Trinity Reformed Church, Bloomington, Indiana, (TRC) appointed a committee to draft a statement on sphere authority and COVID vaccine mandates. The committee was composed of the following TRC pastors and elders, as well as the following pastors of sister churches in Evangel Presbytery who were asked to serve in an advisory capacity: Brian Bailey, JD, elder (TRC); Joseph Bayly, pastor (Christ Church, Cincinnati, Ohio); Tim Bayly, pastor (TRC); Joshua Congrove, PhD, elder (TRC); Andrew Dionne, DM, pastor (Trinity Presbyterian Church, Spartanburg, S.C.); Dan Sparks, PhD, elder (TRC); Joseph Spurgeon, pastor (Sovereign King Church, Louisville, Ky.); Lucas Weeks, pastor (TRC). The committee’s statement was adopted by TRC’s session on September 19, 2021, and was then presented as an overture to Evangel Presbytery at its seventh stated meeting on October 8, 2021.

Notes

1. Westminster Larger Catechism, q. 124.
2. “Statement on Sphere Authority, Worship, and COVID-19 Quarantines,” June 18, 2020, https://evangelpresbytery.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/STATEMENT-ON-SPHERE-AUTHORITY-WORSHIP-AND-COVID-19-QUARANTINES.pdf.
3. John Calvin writes, “ [ Civil government’s ] function among men is no less than that of bread, water, sun, and air; indeed, its place of honor is far more excellent. For it does not merely see to it, as all these serve to do, that men breathe, eat, drink, and are kept warm, even though it surely embraces all these activities when it provides for their living together.” Institutes of the Christian Religion , trans. Ford Lewis Battles, ed. John T. McNeill (The Westminster Press, 1960), 4.20.3.
4. Prince v. Massachusetts , 321 U.S. 158 (1943), https://www.loc.gov/item/usrep321158/; Jacobson v. Massachusetts , 197 U.S. 11 (1904), https://www.loc.gov/item/usrep197011/.
5. This statement acknowledges that state governments within the U.S. system have authority to protect the health, safety, and morals of their respective citizens. This is traditionally referred to as police power reserved to the state governments by the Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Exercising such authority, state governments have at times imposed vaccine mandates over a general population or have granted authority to local bodies to best make decisions about disease prevention in cities or other localities. We do not believe the federal government was granted such authority by the U.S. Constitution to order the general population to receive a vaccine. A recent publication by the Congressional Research Service concerning COVID-19 vaccine mandates recognizes that state governments—and not the federal government—have traditionally exercised this power: “Although states have traditionally exercised the bulk of authority over public health matters, including vaccination, Congress shares certain concurrent authority in this area emanating from its enumerated powers in the Constitution.” “State and Federal Authority to Mandate COVID-19 Vaccination,” April 21, 2021, Congressional Research Service, accessed September 14, 2021, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46745. The Congressional Research Service did not document a single instance of a federal vaccine mandate over the general population in the 245-year history of our nation. It could only posit that Congress may have authority to impose one under the Spending Clause or the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution. We think there is a compelling reason for the lack of historical example and the Congressional Research Service’s tentative suppositions. The federal government lacks the authority to impose a vaccine mandate. This absence of authority, though, does not in and of itself justify civil disobedience, especially when so much of federal government activity has no source of authority from the organic, fundamental law of the land.
6. See Westminster Larger Catechism, q. 130.
7. John Witherspoon, “The Dominion of Providence over the Passions of Men. A Sermon, Preached at Princeton, on the 17th of May, 1776. Being the General Fast Appointed by the Congress through the United Colonies.”
8. Witherspoon, “The Dominion of Providence over the Passions of Men.”